The story of how LC Salis got his name is pretty simple, according to his wife Betty.
The initials L and C are short for Loreen and Cecile, the names of the two nurses in attendance at LC’s birth, nearly 90 years ago.
It’s a story that still makes LC chuckle, though he and his wife Betty have surely told it many times to new friends and curious visitors. But LC is running out of chances to tell the story of his birth.
He’s dying. He has stage four heart failure, the final stage in congestive heart disease, a malady so common it accounts for almost half of all deaths among elderly Americans.
“He can’t go much farther with much more fluid and his heart is going to fail, his pump is going to fail, his lungs are going to fill up with fluid. He’ll have an arrhythmia or heart attack and his body will die,” LC’s doctor, Daniel Hoefer, says.
People with LC’s condition account for the majority of hospitalizations of people over 65, but LC has not been to an ER in two years.
Instead, he’s chosen hospice care – a type of care for people with less than six months to live.
LC joins a growing number of people choosing to die at home, willing to forfeit conventional “curative” treatment in exchange for pain management and comfort care.
For the vast majority of patients, hospice is paid for by Medicare. In 2010, of all the people who died and received Medicare benefits, 44 percent chose hospice, double the number in the past decade. But while the number of hospice patients doubled, the cost quadrupled. That divergence has led the federal government to increase scrutiny of hospice providers — most notably San Diego Hospice, the largest in the state — by questioning the eligibility of those accepted into care.
At the heart of the spiraling cost is a group of patients outliving their six-month prognosis.
Under pressure to save money and find fraud, Medicare is now asking, are they really dying?
How long have I got, Doc?
When the Salises moved back to San Diego from Riverside County to be closer to their kids a couple years ago, they had to choose a new family doctor.
Betty, a tall, slim, no-nonsense kind of woman, describes their decision, Dr. Daniel Hoefer, as random.
Now, the Salises look back and believe some act of divinity was at play, sending them a doctor who’s been nothing short of a lifesaver, or at least, life extender.
“How are you doing today LC?” Hoefer asks.
“Okay, doc and you,” LC says.
Dr. Hoefer, a family physician and Chief Medical Officer of Sharp Healthcare’s Outpatient Palliative Care Program, doesn’t usually make house visits, but on a day in January he’s made an exception, agreeing to meet with a reporter and speak openly about LC’s illness and prognosis.
He bends down to look at LC’s swollen ankles.
“I’m going to look at your sexy legs,” Hoefer says.
“Don’t whistle,” LC says. “They’re puffed up there pretty good.”
Puffy isn’t a good sign. Hoefer is concerned that LC’s heart is so weak it can’t keep up with the demands of his body, and fluid is accumulating.
“Gravity is keeping you alive, keeping that fluid out of your lungs,” Hoefer tells LC.
LC no longer lies flat on his back. Ever. It could kill him. Most of his day is spent sitting upright on a recliner nestled in the corner of the living room, watching television, passing the time with Betty, his wife of 66 years.
At night, he sleeps in an elevated hospital bed three feet from Betty’s queen bed.
“That’s been the worst part of it, after 60 years of having someone in bed with you every night and all of sudden you’re in this queen size bed all by yourself. I miss that closeness of sleeping together at night,” Betty says.
Hoefer tells LC to take a deep breath and listens to his lungs with his stethoscope. The wheeze is audible to everyone in the room. But what Hoefer can hear that no one else can, is the crackling in LC lungs, another bad sign.
“Like I asked you once before, how long do you think I got and I know you don’t know,” LC says to Dr. Hoefer.
“I will tell you the same thing I said, ‘if I had a hundred people in your situation, some would be here many months and some would be here for just a few days.’ So we just got to be prepared,” Hoefer responds.
“Only one person has that answer,” Betty says, another nod to whomever might be controlling the Salises’ fate.
Hospice may extend life
LC has been in hospice care for about 13 months. He’s lived longer than expected. Like an increasing number of patients.
Hospice services can include, nursing care; counseling, a home health aide, homemaker services, physical and speech therapy, home medical equipment and medication.
Dr. Hoefer is trying to palliate LC’s symptoms – that means he can’t reverse his terminal condition or make him better, but he can make him more comfortable as his heart grows weaker.
For example, LC has an electrical oxygen pump. It’s one of the first things you notice when walking into the Salis’ impeccably clean home. It makes a constant whirring sound, the white noise of illness.
LC goes almost nowhere in his house without the clear plastic tubes inserted into his nostrils. His oxygen levels are low enough, along with the fluid on his lungs, to make him uncomfortable. But his levels aren’t low enough for Medicare to pay for the equipment if he weren’t in hospice, Hofer says. That’s because for terminal patients, the oxygen is considered comforting, rather than life-saving.
A nurse visits LC at home at least once a week, but more often as needed. She tracks his fluid retention, will increase his diuretics (medication that increases urination) if needed, and will address any other concerns.
When LC fell on the floor not long ago and split his head, Betty didn’t call 911. She called hospice. A nurse was at their house within 10 minutes, assessed the situation and helped Betty get LC to urgent care for stitches.
“My patients don’t ever see the inside of the hospital because we’re bringing care to them,” Hoefer says.
Not going to the hospital saves money for the patient and for the healthcare system, decreases the risk of exposure to serious hospital based infections, and avoids the confusion and isolation of being surrounded by unfamiliar staff.
“The probability that LC would have been admitted for his heart condition had he gone to the ER would have been almost 100% even though he had gone in for his laceration only,” Hoefer says.
While, the majority of hospice patients die within the first month of care, there is evidence that — ironically — hospice can extend life.
A 2007 study published in Journal of Pain and Symptom Management concluded people in hospice lived on average, 29 days longer than patients who did not choose hospice at the end of life. People with congestive heart failure, LC’s condition, lived 81 days longer, according to the study.
An analysis by the San Diego nonprofit journalism organization, inewsource, found the number of people in hospice who lived longer than six months increased from one in 13 in 2004, to one in nine in 2010.
The Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, (MedPAC), an independent Congressional agency, has published several reports outlining its concerns about hospice care.
The commission’s report to Congress in 2012, reiterated its past findings, “that the structure of Medicare’s hospice payment system makes very long stays in hospice more profitable for providers than shorter stays, which may have led to inappropriate use of the benefit among some hospices.”
Hospice providers are paid about $150 a day to care for each of their patients. They receive that per diem, regardless of whether they provide services daily or weekly. The cost of hospice tends to be higher at the beginning of service and at the end, making short-term patients the costliest, whereas long-term patients provide more room for profit.
Since 2009, the commission has made recommendations “to reform the hospice payment system, and ensure greater accountability in use of the hospice benefit.”
Hoefer describes Medicare’s crackdown on hospice providers as “misguided.” He agrees hospice providers shouldn’t accept “just anyone” because they want “their medications paid for or stuff like that,” he says. But the increased scrutiny is creating an economic paradox.
Medicare may in the shortrun find over-payments and inappropriate use, but in the long run it may discourage hospices from taking on qualified patients. Those patients will then turn to the hospital, which is many times more costly per day, for their end-of-life care.
Hoefer says Medicare is picking on the relatively small group of people who live longer than six months.
“They can pick on the tail all they want, that’s their privilege and responsibility. I can morally, medically, legally defend every one of the cases we’ve taken,” Hoefer says.
Hoefer’s assessment was recently verified – a Medicaid audit of Sharp Hospice did not find a single inappropriate admission.
The federal government is also concerned about the proliferation of for-profit hospices in recent years. For example, in San Diego County, the number of for-profit hospices jumped from six in 2007 to 12 in 2011.
Trouble at San Diego Hospice
Medicare introduced the hospice benefit back in 1983 as an experimental project. It was designed to help mostly cancer patients cope with pain in their final months of life, and allow them to die at home. San Diego Hospice, a nonprofit, was among the first to provide the care as an official Medicare benefit.
Respected as a pioneer in hospice, it came as a shock to many in the industry when news hit that San Diego Hospice was under federal investigation.
“None of it is about patient care, its all about eligibility, “ says Kathleen Pacurar, President and Chief Executive Officer of San Diego Hospice.
The Medicare audit began in February, 2011, shortly after Pacurar took over as president.
She recalls getting a letter informing her of the audit, and a short time later, eight people descended upon the organization for five days, taking with them a sampling of patient documents.
As recently as December 2012, San Diego Hospice was still being asked by auditors to submit documentation on every patient admitted.
Pacurar says Medicare could demand repayment of “millions” of dollars once the audit is complete, if it finds patients accepted into the program were not eligible.
Already, San Diego Hospice shut down its 25-bed hospital, laid off nearly 300 people, and consolidated its offices from Mission Valley into one location in Hillcrest. The move came after a lawsuit was filed by the owners of the Mission Valley office building, claiming San Diego Hospice had missed its December rent payment.
The beleaguered organization filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on Monday, saying it would allow them “to continue our operations, while reorganizing our assets and exploring our structural options to adapt to the current circumstances.” In a statement on its website, the hospice provider said it had cut its patient census by 50 percent over the past three months, “creating additional severe financial challenges.”
In its statement and in a fact sheet to employees, obtained by the Investigations Desk, San Diego Hospice emphasized its continued priority on patient care.
Medicare’s inquiry focuses on whether San Diego hospice allowed patients to stay in the program even when their diagnosis changed, in other words, they weren’t necessarily dying in six months or less.
“Making sure that what we’re providing in hospice is beneficial to the patient and that the way Medicare refers to it, they haven’t become what we call custodial patients or patients that have plateaued out,” Pacurar says.
San Diego Hospice began discharging patients late last year and is now more strict about who it will admit into the program.
“We narrowed the window of patients we take on because we’re so specifically looking at it through a strong lens of compliance,” Pacurar says.
For its part, Medicare has said little about the hospice audits. But news of investigations is slowly trickling out.
The National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) points to a hospice in Delaware also under federal review and forced to lay off staff.
“They’ve (Medicare) recently began to turn up focus of audits for longer stay patients,” says Jon Radulovic, an NHPCO spokesperson.
Radulovic says the industry wants to do the right thing, and isn’t opposed to regular surveying. But the audits have had unintended consequences, including staff layoffs and patient discharges.
“Our biggest concern, are patients getting care they need?”
When does end of life begin?
LC spent most of his life working for a large commercial air conditioning and heating company in San Diego, but was forced to take early retirement at 52 because of his bad heart.
The Salises learned to stretch their retirement income, selling their Mount Helix home and opting to live in a mobile home in Hemet. Before they returned to San Diego, they travelled the country in their RV, became campground hosts, and never thinking they might one day use the service, volunteered at their local hospice. Now, on the receiving end, they are grateful.
“When the nurses and the different people (come) out to see us we just feel blessed…I can get on that phone day or night and call if there’s any problem,” Betty says.
Betty has heard about the crackdown on hospice providers, and she worries just a little that every small improvement in LC’s condition might mean they are at risk of losing the service.
It’s a conundrum: surpass a six-month prognosis and risk losing the care that is likely keeping you out of the hospital and extending your life. Experts are asking whether it makes sense to limit hospice care for a growing number of elderly, chronically ill patients who would benefit from it in the last year, even two years of life.
It begs the question, when does end of life begin?
For Suzy Johnson, Vice President of Sharp Hospice, its a question without a simple answer.
“Our society looks at death as an event, it’s not,” Johnson says. It’s a continuum.
People who chose the benefit in the early days had cancer. And cancer has a predictable course, which makes it easier for doctors to make a prognosis, Johnson says.
The most common conditions of people in hospice today, are those that make predicting death difficult. Diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and heart failure.
And then, there is old age.
Debility and decline is the number one diagnosis of those in SharpHospice, and the number one diagnosis in 2009 across the country.
It’s a complex diagnosis because it’s multiple ailments that together make someone frail and close to death. But just how close?
“It’s a slope that takes time,” Johnson says. “The crystal ball doesn’t always exist.”
Johnson, together with Hoefer, has created a pre-hospice service for their patients, called Transitions. Sharp provides a nurse and social worker to patients to teach them how to manage their symptoms. For example, heart patients are taught how to adjust their medication if they’re feeling short of breath.
“What we’re looking at, is how we design a care continuum so we hand off patients (to hospice) at the right time in their disease.”
But there’s a catch. Medicare doesn’t have a benefit called “pre-hospice care.” Sharp is able to offer Transitions by treating patients for a set amount of money rather than billing procedure-by-procedure. This way they can stretch Medicare dollars. Transitions also is supplemented by patients who have private insurance.
Johnson said there’s a whole in Medicare’s payment plan for late stage illness. “That’s the broken part of of our system,” she said.
Johnson, Pacurar, and national hospice advocates would all like to see Medicare allow the chronically ill to access hospice or palliative care, before the final six months of life.
“How do you take care of patients with advanced illness who may be close to end of life but maybe not terminally, who may not fit into that eligibility perfectly?” Pacurar asks.
Other hospices across the country are experimenting with pre-hospice programs as well, according to the NHPCO.
“We know hospice works. How do we capitalize on that success and make it (more widely) available,” Radulovic asks.
Getting every last breath out of life
The Salises look at an old photo album, spanning 66 years of marriage and the birth of their children and grandchildren.
“That was back when I had curly, curly hair ,” Betty says, looking at the couple’s wedding photo.
“I remember you had curly hair.”
After just a three-month courtship, the two married at the Wedding Bell chapel in Hillcrest.
“I knew the first time I danced with her she was going to be my wife,” LC says.
They raised two kids, a boy and a girl. They were the family LC, who lost his mother at 12, had always dreamed of.
“LC needed to be loved and to be special and that’s what I tried to give him,” Betty says. “With seven kids, he didn’t get that individual special love that I’ve been able to give him over the years. Pat myself on the back, I think it worked.”
Talk to a hospice doctor about end of life, and they immediately bring up “goals of care.” In other words, they ask their patients for their bucket list; what milestone do they want to reach before they die?
For LC, it was his 66th wedding anniversary last September, followed by his son’s 65th birthday in October, and his daughter’s 60th birthday last month.
And then there’s the couple’s great, great grandson in Montana, born last August. LC pines for the chance to meet him in person, although he will never be well enough to fly.
“I can’t complain about nothing, if I did I’d be a fool,” LC says.
His doctor says he’s getting every last breath his heart will give him, but when do you ever feel you’ve lived long enough?
“I think he’s waiting to turn 90 years old the second of April,” Betty says.
“I don’t think I’ll be here,” LC says.
“Well, we don’t know, you’ve surprised us so far.”
Editors Note: LC Sallis passed away peacefully, at home with his wife Betty at his side, Feb. 17th. “It was a beautiful ending to a beautiful life,” Betty said about her husband’s final moments.
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inewsource is a nonprofit, nonpartisan newsroom dedicated to improving lives in the San Diego region and beyond through impactful, data-based investigative and accountability journalism.
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| All Staff Percentages are based on 15 total survey responses. The numbers include full-time and part-time staff, full-time fellows and full-time and part-time interns. | Newsroom Percentages are based on 15 completed survey responses to this question. | Business Percentages are based on 15 completed survey responses to this question. | |||
| Gender Identity | Gender Identity | Gender Identity | |||
| Women | 80% | Women | 82% | Women | 75% |
| Men | 20% | Men | 18% | Men | 25% |
| Sexual Orientation | Sexual Orientation | Sexual Orientation | |||
| Straight | 87% | Straight | 82% | Straight | 100% |
| LGBTQ-identifying | 7% | LGBTQ-identifying | 7% | ||
| Not specified | 7% | Not specified | 7% | ||
| Speak a language beyond English at home | 33% | Speak a language beyond English at home | 18% | Speak a language beyond English at home | 75% |
| Race/Ethnicity | Race/Ethnicity | Race/Ethnicity | |||
| White | 67% | White | 73% | White | 50% |
| Hispanic or Latinx | 20% | Two or more races | 18% | Hispanic or Latinx | 50% |
| Two or more races | 13% | Hispanic or Latinx | 9% | ||
| Age | Age | Age | |||
| 20-29 | 40% | 20-29 | 45% | 20-29 | 25% |
| 30-39 | 47% | 30-39 | 45% | 30-39 | 50% |
| 60 or older | 13% | 60 or older | 9% | 60 or older | 25% |
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CEO, Editor and Founder: Lorie Hearn, loriehearn@inewsource.org
Lorie Hearn is the chief executive officer, editor and founder of inewsource. She founded inewsource in the summer of 2009, following a successful reporting and editing career in newspapers. She retired from The San Diego Union-Tribune, where she had been a reporter, Metro Editor and finally the senior editor for Metro and Watchdog Journalism. In addition to department oversight, Hearn personally managed a four-person watchdog team, composed of two data specialists and two investigative reporters. Hearn was a Nieman Foundation fellow at Harvard University in 1994-95. She focused on juvenile justice and drug control policy, a natural course to follow her years as a courts and legal affairs reporter at the San Diego Union and then the Union-Tribune.
Hearn became Metro Editor in 1999 and oversaw regional and city news coverage, which included the city of San Diego’s financial debacle and near bankruptcy. Reporters and editors on Metro during her tenure were part of the Pulitzer Prize-winning stories that exposed Congressman Randy “Duke” Cunningham and led to his imprisonment.
Hearn began her journalism career as a reporter for the Bucks County Courier Times, a small daily outside of Philadelphia, shortly after graduating from the University of Delaware. During the decades following, she moved through countless beats at five newspapers on both coasts.
High-profile coverage included the historic state Supreme Court election in 1986, when three sitting justices were ousted from the bench, and the 1992 execution of Robert Alton Harris. That gas chamber execution was the first time the death penalty was carried out in California in 25 years.
In her nine years as Metro Editor at the Union-Tribune, Hearn made watchdog reporting a priority. Her reporters produced award-winning investigations covering large and small local governments. The depth and breadth of their public service work was most evident in coverage of the wildfires of 2003 and then 2007, when more than half a million people were evacuated from their homes.
Managing Editor: Mark J. Rochester, markrochester@inewsource.org
Mark J. Rochester began as inewsource managing editor in April 2021, having served as editor in chief at Type Investigations, a nonprofit investigative newsroom in Manhattan. He was previously senior news director for investigations at the Detroit Free Press. Both newsrooms, he notes, shared a commitment to diversity and inclusion, and their investigative journalism often received national recognition for exposing problems impacting communities of color.
His family looks forward to returning to California, having spent more than seven years in San Francisco where Rochester was a senior manager for the Associated Press. While with the news cooperative, he led computer-assisted reporting training efforts around the West, both inside and outside of AP, and conducted a widely used analysis of the $74 million in campaign contributions that went toward the California gay marriage ballot initiative in 2008. The AP analyzed who gave and why and then made the data available to member newspapers. The resulting series of stories based on the data was AP’s 2009 Pulitzer nomination for Local Reporting.
Rochester, who served as a Pulitzer Prize jurist in 2017, also has held senior leadership positions at the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, The Denver Post, Newsday and The Indianapolis Star. Rochester is vice president of Investigative Reporters & Editors Inc., the 6,000+ member international organization dedicated to improving investigative journalism. He also serves on the national advisory board of the Investigative Reporting Workshop at American University in Washington, D.C.
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Like many sites, we use “cookies” to collect information. You can instruct your browser to refuse all cookies or to indicate when a cookie is being sent. However, if you do not accept cookies, you may not be able to use some portions of our site.
Certain pages on our site may set other third party cookies. For example, we may embed content, such as videos, from another site that sets a cookie. While we try to minimize these third party cookies, we can’t always control what cookies this third party content sets.
Additionally, we may use third party services — such as those that provide social media conveniences, measure traffic, send newsletters and facilitate donations — that may place cookies on your computer. We don’t have any way of knowing how such services handle the resulting data internally. inewsource makes no claim, nor takes liability for the insecure submission of information via these applications.
Here are the services whose cookies you can find on inewsource.org:
- Sharing buttons for Facebook and Twitter. These use the standard scripts provided by each company.
- Google Analytics, which we use to measure site traffic. Google Analytics gathers certain non-personally identifying information over time, such as your IP address, browser type, internet service provider, referring and exit pages, time stamp, and similar data. We also use Facebook Pixel to measure, optimize and build audiences for advertising campaigns served on Facebook. In particular it enables us to see how our users move between devices when accessing our website and Facebook, to ensure that our Facebook advertising is seen by our users most likely to be interested in such advertising by analyzing which content a user has viewed and interacted with on our website.
- Stripe, which allows us to accept donations through our website.
- Salesforce to manage newsletter subscriber, donor, and other identifiable user data.
- Mailchimp, to manage newsletter distributions. We collect your email address if you choose to subscribe to one of our email newsletters or email news alerts. Other optional information that you enter when subscribing – such as your first and last names or city are simply so that we can deliver more personalized email newsletters. We DO NOT sell, rent or market your information to any other parties. We retain your information only as long as necessary to provide your service. When we send emails, it collects some data about which users open the emails and which links are clicked. We use this information to optimize our email newsletters and, as aggregate information, to explain what percentage of our users open and interact with our newsletters.
Personal Data
We only collect personally identifiable information such as your name and email address when you sign up for a newsletter, donate to our organization, or otherwise submit it to us voluntarily. We do not share your personal data with any third parties other than some common service providers, whose products use your information to help us improve our site, deliver newsletters, or allow us to offer donation opportunities.
inewsource limits access to all user data for the purposes of newsletter, fundraising, and customer service only. User data is not sold to or otherwise shared with anyone not working with or for the inewsource.
You may unsubscribe or opt-out of our email and mail communications at any time by hitting the “unsubscribe” button in any email you receive from inewsource, or by emailing us at contact@inewsource.org or calling us at 619-594-5100.
Donor Information
The identities of all donors will be listed on our website. inewsource does not share, trade, sell, or otherwise release donors’ personal information to any third parties.
Refunds
If you encounter errors when donating on the website, please contact us at members@inewsource.org. For example, if you submit a donation for an incorrect amount or make a duplicate transaction please email us immediately so we can reverse the charges.
Cancellation of Recurring Donations
You can cancel your monthly recurring donations free of charge by notifying us at members@inewsource.org.
Links to Other Websites
Our site may contain links to documents, resources or other websites that we think may be of interest to you. We have no control over these other sites or their content. You should be aware when you leave our site for another, and remember that other sites are governed by their own user agreements and privacy policies, which should be available to you to read.
Disclaimers and Limitation of Liability
Although we take reasonable steps to prevent the introduction of viruses, worms, “Trojan Horses” or other destructive materials to our site, we do not guarantee or warrant that our site or materials that may be downloaded from our site are free from such destructive features. We are not liable for any damages or harm attributable to such features. We are not liable for any claim, loss or injust based on errors, omissions, interruptions or other inaccuracies on our site, nor for any claim, loss or injust that results from your use of this site or your breach of any provision of this User Agreement.
Contact Us
If there are any questions regarding this privacy policy, please contact us at contact@inewsource.org or call us at 619-594-5100.
Ethics Policy
This policy can be found on this page.
Diversity Statement
This policy can be found on this page.
Diversity Staffing Report
This policy can be found on this page.
Corrections Policy
This policy can be found on this page.
Ownership Structure, Funding
This policy can be found on this page.
Founding Date
2009-11-01
Masthead
This policy can be found on this page.
Mission Statement with Coverage Priorities
This policy can be found on this page.
Fact-checking Standards
This policy can be found on this page.
Unnamed Sources Policy
This policy can be found on this page.
Article Post Types
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Dear Joanne,
Thank you for your response, and for providing me with this excellent article that you and your investigative team produced in 2013 on Mr. Salis, the San Diego Hospice, and its problematic palliative patterns (which were already undergoing H&HS scrutiny over three years ago).
Dr. Bill Miller